• DAY2SVR: Nws Storm Prediction Center Norman Ok

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Aug 29 17:12:33 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 291712
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 291711

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1211 PM CDT Fri Aug 29 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 311200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong storms are possible across the southern and central
    Plains tomorrow (Saturday).

    ...Central/Southern High Plains/Great Plains vicinity...

    An upper ridge will be centered over the southern/central Rockies on
    Saturday. A weak shortwave impulse is forecast to top the ridge and
    move across the High Plains into the southern Plains during the
    afternoon and evening. This will result in modestly increasing
    mid/upper level west/northwesterly flow atop weak low-level winds,
    resulting in around 25-35 kt effective shear magnitudes.

    Latest forecast guidance indicates a weak surface low over NE and
    another weak low over the TX/OK Panhandles by late afternoon. A cold
    front will extend from central NE into western KS and then northeast
    NM. Ahead of the front and surface lows, south/southeasterly
    low-level flow will maintain 60s F dewpoints beneath modestly steep
    midlevel lapse rates. Where stronger heating occurs, 1000-2000 J/kg
    MLCAPE values will be possible. Scattered thunderstorms are expected
    to develop during the afternoon from central NE/KS southwestward
    into western OK/TX and eastern NM. Given the overall marginal
    thermodynamic and kinematic space, transient supercells and
    multi-cell clusters will be possible, with gusty winds and
    sub-severe hail most probable in stronger convection. Strong storms
    may be most likely across parts of eastern NM into western TX where
    stronger heating is expected. With time, clustering may result in
    some upscale growth into a forward propagating MCS during the
    evening/nighttime hours. However, severe potential still appears limited/uncertain, precluding probabilities.

    ..Leitman.. 08/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Aug 30 05:50:36 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 300550
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 300548

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1248 AM CDT Sat Aug 30 2025

    Valid 311200Z - 011200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A couple of strong storms cannot be ruled out in the southern Plains
    tomorrow (Sunday).

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will eject into the Atlantic while an upper ridge
    builds over the Interior West tomorrow (Sunday). A northwesterly
    mid-level flow regime will become established across the central
    U.S., atop surface lee troughing, which will encourage continued
    low-level moisture advection across the Plains. A mid-level impulse
    will traverse the central Plains during the day, serving as a
    lifting source, in addition to afternoon heating, to support at
    least scattered thunderstorm development across the central and
    southern Plains. 5.5-6.6 C/km mid-level lapse rates will support
    meager instability amid modest vertical wind shear. The stronger
    storms across the central and southern Plains may be accompanied by
    a sub-severe wind/hail threat, with the chances of severe appearing
    too low to warrant the addition of probabilities this outlook.

    ..Squitieri.. 08/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Aug 30 17:12:37 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 301712
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 301710

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1210 PM CDT Sat Aug 30 2025

    Valid 311200Z - 011200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe potential is low, though a couple of strong storms cannot be
    ruled out in the southern Plains or Northwest Sunday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Across much of the US, broad northwesterly flow aloft will continue
    as a large upper trough persists over the eastern CONUS. To the
    west, mid-level ridging will continue to build over the Rockies,
    allowing stronger northwesterly flow to develop over the central
    portions of the country. Embedded within the modest flow aloft, a
    weak vort max will move from the Rockies over the central/southern
    Plains. A diffuse surface front will accompany this feature, serving
    as a focus for scattered showers and thunderstorms Sunday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...Plains...
    Ahead of the weak vort max and cold front, seasonably high surface
    moisture will be in place over the Plains and Gulf Coast. Remnant
    shower and thunderstorm activity should be ongoing at the start of
    the period, likely limiting diurnal heating through the day. The
    poor lapse rates and remnant cloud cover will favor only modest destabilization. Still, scattered storms should form and cluster
    ahead of the front. A couple of strong storms with sub-severe wind
    and hail cannot be ruled out. However, with vertical shear largely
    sub 30 kt, the threat for organized severe thunderstorms appears
    low.

    ...Northern Cascades...
    West of the strong ridge, a weak upper low will meander off the
    Northwest Coast. Weak ascent form this feature, and heating of the
    air mass across central WA State could allow for isolated
    thunderstorms late Sunday into early D3/Monday. However, strong
    capping and the weak ascent casts some doubt on storm coverage.
    Should storms form, a stray gust or two cannot be ruled out owing to
    steep low-level lapse rates.

    ..Lyons.. 08/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Aug 31 05:50:40 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 310550
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 310549

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1249 AM CDT Sun Aug 31 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe potential is low for tomorrow (Monday).

    ...Synopsis...
    Broad cyclonic upper flow over the eastern U.S., with upper ridging
    west of the Rockies, will encourage a mid-level northwesterly flow
    regime across the Plains. Surface high pressure will dominate east
    of the MS River to the Atlantic Seaboard, and over the Rockies.
    However, an axis of low-level moisture will remain in place across
    the Plains, where daytime surface heating will support isolated to
    scattered thunderstorm development. Lapse rates should generally
    remain around or under 6.5 C/km, contributing to tall and thin
    MLCAPE profiles generally within the 500-1500 J/kg range.
    Thunderstorm updrafts should not be overly intense. However, speed
    shear, driven by the stronger northwesterly mid-level flow, will
    result in modestly elongated hodographs, with over 35 kts of
    effective bulk shear in spots. A few storms may become organized
    multicells, likely accompanied by sub-severe wind and hail. However,
    a couple storms could produce marginally severe gusts if stronger
    buoyancy is realized. Severe probabilities have been withheld this
    outlook, but may need to be introduced in subsequent outlooks if
    instability is greater than currently forecast.

    ..Squitieri.. 08/31/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Aug 31 17:32:15 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 311732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 311730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Sun Aug 31 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe potential appears relatively low on Monday, though a few
    strong storms will be possible across parts of Kansas and Oklahoma,
    the northern Plains, and parts of Arizona.

    ...Parts of KS/OK...
    A mid/upper-level trough is forecast to move southeastward across
    east-central portions of the Plains on Monday. To the immediate west
    of this shortwave trough, moderate midlevel northwesterly flow will
    overspread parts of central/western KS/OK during the afternoon and
    evening. Guidance varies somewhat regarding the magnitude of heating
    and destabilization, but some heating of a relatively moist boundary
    later will likely result in MLCAPE increasing into the 500-1500 J/kg
    range across parts of the region. Effective shear within the
    northwest-flow regime will be sufficient for storm organization
    (generally in the 25-40 kt range), but weak midlevel lapse rates and
    uncertain forcing for ascent within the most favorable shear region
    result in uncertainty regarding storm coverage and intensity. Severe probabilities may be needed if confidence increases regarding
    development of sufficient instability and robust diurnal storms.

    ...North Dakota and vicinity...
    Scattered storms are expected during the afternoon and evening
    across parts of ND and potentially northwest MN, within a moderately
    unstable and weakly capped environment. Deep-layer shear will be
    modest at best within a weak northwesterly flow regime, but a few
    strong storms cannot be ruled out. If trends support somewhat
    stronger shear or instability compared to current forecasts, then
    severe probabilities may eventually be needed.

    ...Arizona...
    At least widely scattered storm development is expected across parts
    of AZ (mainly near the higher terrain) during the afternoon, as
    modest moistening occurs across the region. Guidance varies
    regarding storm coverage, but weak midlevel easterly flow could
    support storms (or at least their remnant outflows) spreading into
    the lower deserts by evening, accompanied by gusty winds.

    ..Dean.. 08/31/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 1 05:52:56 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 010551
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 010550

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1250 AM CDT Mon Sep 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS INTO THE UPPER MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible across parts of the
    northern Plains into the Upper Midwest tomorrow (Tuesday).

    ...Synopsis...
    Broad cyclonic mid-level flow will persist along the Eastern
    Seaboard while upper ridging continues west of the Rockies, with the
    central U.S. placed under a northwesterly upper-flow regime tomorrow
    (Tuesday). A large and pronounced embedded mid-level shortwave will
    quickly translate southeastward from Canada and overspread the Upper
    MS Valley through the day, encouraging a surface cold front to surge
    southward across the northern Plains and Upper Midwest.
    Thunderstorms will develop ahead of the cold front, a few of which
    may be severe.

    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Preceding the cold front will be a warm and seasonally moist
    airmass, overspread by 6.5-7.5 C/km mid-level lapse rates, yielding
    MLCAPE peaking in the 1500-2000 J/kg range by afternoon.
    Strengthening northwest flow with height will also yield modestly
    curved and elongated hodographs and 35+ kts of speed/effective bulk
    shear. These conditions will favor the development of multicells and
    perhaps a transient supercell with the stronger updrafts that manage
    to form ahead of the cold front. Isolated severe gusts or instances
    of hail are plausible, warranting the introduction of Category
    1/Marginal risk severe probabilities this outlook.

    ..Squitieri.. 09/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 1 17:30:51 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 011730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 011729

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1229 PM CDT Mon Sep 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS TUESDAY
    AFTERNOON AND EVENING ACROSS PARTS OF SOUTHEASTERN NORTH
    DAKOTA...EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA...SOUTHWESTERN INTO CENTRAL
    MINNESOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered to scattered strong thunderstorm development is
    possible across parts of the eastern Dakotas into Minnesota, as well
    as portions of the Southwest into Great Basin, late Tuesday
    afternoon and evening. The risk for severe weather still appears
    generally low, but a couple of storms could produce marginally
    severe hail and localized strong surface gusts.

    ...Discussion...
    In the mean, models indicate that mid/upper heights will remain
    relatively high across much of the eastern Pacific into western
    North America. However, an embedded blocking high across the
    northeastern Pacific is forecast to become at least a bit less
    prominent, and lower heights to its southeast and south may
    consolidate. This latter regime includes a notable low, which may
    undergo deepening while retrograding offshore of the Pacific
    Northwest coast Tuesday through Tuesday night. At the same time, a
    couple of weaker perturbations appear likely to slowly shift north-northeastward, inland of California and northern Baja
    California coastal areas.

    Downstream of this regime, large-scale mid/upper troughing will be
    maintained to the east of the Rockies, as far south as the Gulf
    Basin, and reinforced by a vigorous short wave trough emerging from
    the high latitudes. By Tuesday evening, this perturbation is
    forecast to begin digging across the international border into the
    northern Great Plains/Upper Midwest, accompanied by another cold
    front.

    Seasonably high moisture content, on the southern periphery of the
    larger-scale cyclonic regime, has already become largely confined to
    the subtropical latitudes, with further southward suppression
    forecast across southern Texas and the Florida Peninsula through
    this period. However, a tongue of more modest moisture lingers
    inland across much of the Gulf Coast states and eastern Great
    Plains, along the southwestern through western flank of the
    troughing.

    Weak to modest destabilization, with insolation, and forcing for
    ascent associated with short wave perturbations embedded within the
    evolving pattern are likely to support a number of areas of
    scattered thunderstorm activity Tuesday through Tuesday night.
    However, the risk for severe weather appears generally low across
    most areas.

    ...Northern Great Plains...
    The mid-level cold core of the approaching vigorous short wave
    trough will remain post-frontal, but models suggest that a plume of
    modestly steep lower/mid-tropospheric lapse rates ahead of the front
    may contribute to destabilization sufficient for vigorous
    thunderstorm development by late Tuesday afternoon. It appears that
    this may become focused across parts of the eastern Dakotas into
    western Minnesota, where a residual pocket of boundary-layer dew
    points as high as the lower/mid 60s may contribute to CAPE on the
    order of 1000-2000+ J/kg. Forecast soundings suggest that
    deep-layer shear will remain generally weak, but mid/upper forcing
    for ascent might contribute to scattered upscale growing clusters
    with potential to produce marginally severe hail and wind.

    ...Southwestern Deserts into Great Basin...
    Areas of thunderstorm development will likely be rooted above a warm
    and deeply mixed boundary layer, with thermodynamic profiles
    conducive to at least isolated to widely scattered microbursts.
    However, the extent to which convection may be able to grow upscale
    into consolidating clusters, with outflow enhanced by downward
    transfer of momentum associated with southeasterly to southerly
    mid-level flow, remains unclear. Forecast ambient flow appears
    generally on the order 15-25 kts, but perhaps with embedded stronger
    speed maxima. It is possible that severe wind probabilities at or
    above 5 percent may still be needed, if/when potential corridors
    become more confidently evident.

    ..Kerr.. 09/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 2 06:01:54 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 020601
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 020600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Tue Sep 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    CENTRAL INTO EASTERN KANSAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A risk of severe storms exists for portions of the central Plains.
    Severe wind and hail are the primary threats, and an instance or two
    of 2+ inch diameter hail is also possible.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will rapidly amplify across the MS Valley region
    while upper ridging persists over the Interior West tomorrow
    (Wednesday). The central U.S. will be located within a deep-layer
    northwesterly flow regime. A surface cold front will surge southward
    across the central Plains, acting as a low-level lifting source (via convergence) for seasonal low-level moisture over the region. At
    least scattered strong thunderstorms are expected ahead of the cold
    front during the afternoon. Given strong flow/shear and colder
    temperatures aloft overspreading the pre-frontal airmass with the
    passage of an embedded impulse, some of the storms are expected to
    be severe.

    ...Central Plains...
    As the surface cold front approaches central and eastern KS from the
    north, surface temperatures may exceed 80 F amid mid to upper 60s F
    dewpoints. With 7-8 C/km mid-level lapse rates overspreading this
    airmass, MLCAPE may reach as high as 2500 J/kg in spots.
    Kinematically speaking, veering low-level flow, overspread by strong northwesterlies will yield curved and elongated hodographs with
    40-50 kts of effective bulk shear. The stronger storms are expected
    to become supercells, accompanied by severe wind and hail. There are
    some indications that a couple of stronger, sustained supercells may
    develop across eastern KS during the late afternoon to early evening
    hours. Given both the vertical shear profiles and colder
    temperatures aloft, a couple instances of 2+ inch hail and perhaps a
    tornado are possible.

    ..Squitieri.. 09/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 2 17:04:56 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 021704
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 021703

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1203 PM CDT Tue Sep 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS LATE WEDNESDAY
    AFTERNOON INTO EVENING ACROSS PARTS OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN KANSAS
    INTO WEST CENTRAL MISSOURI...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms will impact parts of the central
    Great Plains into Missouri Ozarks late Wednesday afternoon and
    evening, accompanied primarily by a risk for severe hail and
    potential for damaging wind gusts.

    ...Discussion...
    The large-scale mid/upper flow regime remains amplified across the
    eastern mid-latitude Pacific through North America, with little
    appreciable change forecast through this period. Troughing will be
    maintained east of the Canadian/U.S. Rockies, as far south as the
    Gulf Basin into southwestern Atlantic, reinforced by a pair of
    vigorous digging short wave perturbations emerging from the northern
    mid- to Arctic latitudes of northwestern Canada.

    The lead impulse is forecast to be in the process of digging across
    the international border through portions of the northern U.S. Great
    Plains and Upper Midwest by 12Z Wednesday. Models indicate that
    this will contribute to notable lower/mid-tropospheric cyclogenesis
    near/north of Lake Superior, toward the James Bay vicinity, through
    daybreak Thursday, as the trailing perturbation digs southeast of
    the Northwest Territories through eastern Canadian Prairies.

    While one initial weakening frontal zone (and associated plume of
    seasonably high moisture content) lingers across the central Gulf
    through southern Florida Peninsula/Straits vicinity, an initial
    reinforcing intrusion of cooler/drier air is forecast to surge into
    the Ohio Valley and through much of the central Great Plains by late
    Wednesday night. Another will begin nosing southward to the lee of
    the Canadian toward northern U.S. Rockies.

    ...Central Great Plains into Missouri Ozarks...
    Near the southwestern periphery of strengthening northwesterly
    mid-level flow (including 40+ kt around 500 mb), models continue to
    indicate that a plume of steepening lower/mid-tropospheric lapse
    rates will advect across the central Great Plains toward adjacent
    lower Missouri Valley vicinity during the day. Beneath this regime,
    it appears that residual boundary-layer moisture will remain
    sufficient to support the development of moderate potential
    instability, generally becoming focused in a corridor along/ahead of
    the southward advancing front and pre-frontal surface troughing by
    late afternoon.

    Uncertainties do linger due to continuing spread in the model
    output, particularly with regard to the degree of mid/upper forcing
    for ascent overspreading the region during the peak late afternoon
    instability, to the southwest of the primary digging mid-level
    trough/evolving low near the upper Great Lakes. With sufficient
    lift to overcome mid-level inhibition, the sheared environment will
    likely be conditionally conducive to organized severe convection.
    It is possible that this could be limited to one or two supercells
    and/or a small upscale growing cluster. However, this activity
    could become capable of producing large hail and potentially
    damaging wind gusts for at least a few hours late Wednesday
    afternoon into evening.

    ..Kerr.. 09/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 3 05:55:00 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 030554
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 030553

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1253 AM CDT Wed Sep 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM EASTERN
    TENNESSEE NORTHWARD INTO NORTHERN NEW YORK...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms may impact a corridor from east
    Tennessee northward to the US-Canadian border across northern New
    York on Thursday, accompanied by a risk for potentially damaging
    wind gusts.

    ... Synopsis ...

    A highly amplified midlevel pattern will continue through
    Thursday/Day-2 as a large ridge pushes north through western Canada
    and a downstream trough persists across much of the eastern United
    States. Within this amplified pattern, a seasonably cold midlevel
    low will exist across Ontario, with multiple lobes of vorticity
    rotating around the low. One such vorticity lobe/shortwave trough
    will move east across the Great Lakes bringing with it increasing
    ascent across portions of the eastern US.

    At the surface, a cold front associated with the midlevel shortwave
    trough will stretch through the Plains east-northeast into the lower
    Great Lakes at the start of the forecast period. This cold front
    will make slow progress southward across the Plains and faster
    progress east across the eastern Great Lakes region.

    ... East Tennessee northward into Upstate New York ...

    Seasonable moisture will be in place across the region ahead of the
    advancing surface cold front. Diurnal heating of this airmass should
    result in pockets of most-unstable CAPE up to 1500 J/kg to develop
    by early afternoon across southern portions of the region to perhaps
    750 J/kg across northern portions of the area.

    Thunderstorms, or their remnants, ongoing across portions of eastern
    Ohio and western Pennsylvania at the start of the period, should weaken/dissipate through the morning as they move east. These
    showers/storms or their outflow may provide potential foci for
    thunderstorm development/intensification during the afternoon. To
    the west, increasing large scale ascent associated with the
    shortwave trough and low-level convergence along the surface cold
    front should support additional bands of thunderstorms.

    The best thermodynamics will reside across Tennessee and adjacent
    areas, with the best deep-layer shear displaced to the north across
    northern Pennsylvania and New York. However, the joint distribution
    of forecast profiles of shear and buoyancy should favor thunderstorm organization into small multicell clusters or small linear segments,
    with the strongest of these capable of some damaging wind potential.

    ..Marsh.. 09/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 3 17:32:34 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 031732
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 031731

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1231 PM CDT Wed Sep 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE
    TENNESSEE VALLEY AND SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS NORTHWARD INTO NEW
    YORK...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms capable of producing locally damaging
    wind gusts may impact a corridor from the Tennessee Valley and
    southern Appalachians northward through northern New York on
    Thursday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A deep/vertically stacked low pressure system will retrograde
    slightly westward over Ontario through the forecast period, while
    broad large-scale troughing encompasses much of the eastern CONUS.
    An embedded midlevel trough will track eastward across the Lower
    Great Lakes during the day, while a related cold front extending
    from NY south-southwestward along the Appalachians moves gradually
    eastward.

    ...TN Valley and Southern Appalachians northward into NY...
    Despite poor midlevel lapse rates, diurnal heating amid middle/upper
    50 to lower 60s dewpoints will result in a corridor of weak to
    locally moderate surface-based buoyancy ahead of the front during
    the afternoon. Scattered thunderstorms are expected along/ahead of
    the front, where 30-40 kt of effective shear will promote loosely
    organized multicell clusters and line segments. The stronger storm
    clusters will be capable of producing locally damaging wind gusts
    through the afternoon.

    ...Northern Plains...
    On the backside of the large-scale trough, a robust midlevel speed
    maximum will move into the northern Plains during the day. Strong
    forcing for ascent and cold temperatures aloft will support isolated thunderstorms. While deep-layer shear will be sufficient for
    organized storms, the post-frontal nature of this activity should
    limit the overall severe risk.

    ..Weinman.. 09/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 4 06:03:07 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 040602
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 040600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Thu Sep 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS STRETCHING FROM
    NORTHERN TEXAS NORTHEAST INTO SOUTHERN OHIO...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorms will be possible from the southern Plains into
    the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys during the afternoon into the
    overnight hours. Isolated large hail and damaging winds may be
    possible with the strongest storms.

    ... Synopsis ...

    A seasonably strong/cold midlevel low will persist across Ontario,
    with an attendant larger-scale trough persisting across much of the
    eastern United States. A potent midlevel shortwave trough will be
    across the Upper Great Lakes at the start of the period and will
    quickly rotate around the upper low into Quebec through the period.
    In its wake a midlevel ribbon of higher vorticity will be left
    behind from Iowa northeast across Michigan. Upstream from this, the
    midlevel height field will begin to respond to another shortwave
    trough rotating around the Ontario low.

    At the surface, a surface low will quickly lift northeast from
    northern Michigan through Ontario and into Quebec through the
    forecast period. A cold from will extend southwest from this low and
    will push south and east as the surface low lifts northeast.
    Although somewhat diffuse initially, the temperature gradient across
    the cold front will rapidly strengthen through the day.

    ... Ohio and Tennessee Valleys ...

    Diurnal heating should allow afternoon temperatures to warm into the
    80Fs and 90Fs across the region. Given surface dewpoint temperatures
    in the mid 60Fs perhaps as far north as southern Ohio, this heating
    will result in most-unstable CAPE values in excess of 2000 J/kg
    across the area. The region will also be on the periphery of the
    stronger midlevel flow, yield effective shear of around 40 knots.

    Thunderstorms should develop by late afternoon in response to
    increasing large-scale ascent associated with both differential
    vorticity advection and frontal circulations. Given the degree of
    instability and effective layer shear, initial thunderstorms may
    exhibit supercellular structures. However, given the
    temperature-dewpoint spreads on the order of 20F+ the expectation is
    that thunderstorms should tend to favor upscale growth toward linear
    segments. As such, thunderstorms may initially pose a hail threat,
    especially across western Kentucky and Tennessee, but should
    transition to more of a wind threat with eastward extent.

    Across portions of Kentucky and southern Ohio, a short-window,
    conditional tornado threat may evolve as thunderstorms develop in
    the vicinity of the surface boundary. As thunderstorms interact with
    or cross over the boundary, strong northeasterly surface winds will
    enlarge low-level hodographs supporting at least some tornado
    threat.

    ... Greater Arklatex Region ...

    The surface cold front across the region is expected to strengthen
    during the day as it slowly moves south. During the evening into the
    overnight hours, strong warm-air advection on the nose of a
    strengthening low-level jet may support thunderstorm development on
    the cool side of the cold front. Despite surface temperatures in the
    60Fs and low 70Fs, steep mid-level lapse rates atop the colder
    surface layer may support isolated large hail.

    ..Marsh.. 09/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 4 17:27:40 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 041727
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 041726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Thu Sep 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF THE
    OHIO AND TENNESSEE VALLEYS INTO THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered thunderstorms capable of producing damaging wind gusts and
    isolated large hail are expected across parts of the Ohio and
    Tennessee Valleys into the Central Appalachians on Friday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A deep/vertically stacked cyclone will move gradually northward
    across Ontario toward Hudson Bay through the period, as an
    accompanying midlevel jet streak advances from the Great Lakes into
    Quebec. Peripheral to the deep cyclone, broad midlevel troughing
    will persist across much of the eastern CONUS. An accompanying cold
    front will extend from the Great Lakes region southwestward across
    the OH Valley into the southern Plains. Given the slowly
    evolving/amplified upper-level pattern, the cold front will only
    move gradually east-southeastward through the period.

    ...Ohio/Tennessee Valleys into the Central Appalachians...
    Ahead of the cold front, ample diurnal heating amid upper 60s
    dewpoints will contribute to a moderately unstable (around 2500 J/kg
    MLCAPE), uncapped pre-convective air mass. Potentially aided by a
    convectively augmented midlevel impulse approaching the OH Valley
    from the west, scattered thunderstorms should develop
    along/immediately ahead of the front during the afternoon into evening/overnight. The aforementioned buoyancy and around 30-40 kt
    of effective shear should promote convective organization into
    clusters/small line segments and perhaps transient supercell
    structures. The stronger/longer-lived storms will be capable of
    producing damaging wind gusts and isolated severe hail. The best
    overlap of moderate buoyancy (higher with southward extent) and
    favorable deep-layer shear (stronger with northward extent) should
    exist over KY and surrounding states, where a Slight Risk was added.

    ...Mid-South into the Southern Plains...
    The cold front will be oriented more west-east over this region,
    with the stronger deep shear confined to the cool side of the
    boundary. Additionally, convective initiation may occur later into
    the evening/overnight hours along the sharpening cold front.
    Nevertheless, moderate-strong buoyancy aided by steep deep-layer
    lapse rates will promote strong storms capable of producing locally
    damaging gusts and sporadic, marginally severe hail.

    ..Weinman.. 09/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 5 05:53:14 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 050553
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 050551

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1251 AM CDT Fri Sep 05 2025

    Valid 061200Z - 071200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IN PARTS OF THE MID-ATLANTIC INTO NEW ENGLAND...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered to scattered thunderstorms will pose primarily a
    risk of damaging wind gusts across parts of the Mid-Atlantic into
    New England on Saturday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Troughing will remain across the Midwest into the Northeast on
    Saturday. A cold front along/near the Appalachians will make
    eastward progress through the day. Severe potential will focus along
    and ahead of this front depending on where destabilization can
    occur. Another shortwave trough will move through northern
    California into the Northwest.

    ...Mid-Atlantic into New England...
    A surface cold front in the general vicinity of the Appalachians
    will be the focus for potential afternoon thunderstorm development.
    The timing of this feature remains uncertain in guidance. This
    timing, along with cloud cover associated with the Great Lakes
    trough, will play a large role in where destabilization can occur
    during the afternoon.

    Confidence in storm coverage is higher with northward extent given
    the better mid-level ascent across southern New England. However,
    this area also may have greater cloud cover concerns. Even so, there
    are models that show temperatures in the upper 70s to low 80s F.
    Should these warmer temperatures occur, there will likely be a
    narrow corridor of greater severe potential from southern New
    England into northern portions of the Mid-Atlantic region.
    Strong/damaging winds would be the primary hazard as convection
    mixes down the stronger 850 mb winds. Mid-level lapse rates will be
    rather poor, though long hodographs could promote marginally severe
    hail in any discrete storms that can develop and persist. Discrete
    modes will likely be short-lived given the deep-layer flow parallel
    to the cold front.

    Farther south into the Piedmont, surface heating and buoyancy will
    be greater. Shear will eventually taper off with southern extent.
    However, mid-level ascent will be weaker with near neutral mid-level
    height tendencies. Storm coverage may end up tied to locally greater
    ascent from a subtle shortwave/MCV. Isolated wind damage would be
    possible with the strongest storms.

    ...Northwest...
    A compact shortwave trough should move through Oregon, favorably
    timed with peak diurnal heating. Widely scattered to scattered
    storms will be possible. Temperatures of around -13 to -15 C at 500
    mb will support at least low-end buoyancy. The primary uncertainty
    with regard to severe potential will be the quality of low-level
    moisture. Most models suggest strong mixing will occur with the NAM
    being the outlier with low-level moisture. There is additional
    uncertainty in surface heating given smoke within the region.
    Confidence in severe storm coverage is too low for probabilities,
    but strong to marginally severe surface gusts and isolated hail
    would be possible if greater moisture remains during the afternoon.

    ..Wendt.. 09/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 5 17:33:47 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 051733
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 051732

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1232 PM CDT Fri Sep 05 2025

    Valid 061200Z - 071200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM EASTERN
    PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY NORTHEASTWARD INTO FAR SOUTHERN MAINE...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are most likely Saturday
    from eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey into parts of southern New
    England. Isolated strong gusts are possible extending southward
    across the Piedmont.

    ...Synopsis...
    A leading mid/upper level speed max will pivot northeastward across
    Quebec on Saturday, with the right-entrance region sweeping across
    much of the northeastern states. Given the trajectory, only subtle
    height falls will occur over the region, but midlevel southwest
    winds will increase to around 60 kt, enhancing deep-layer shear.

    This cyclonic pattern aloft will extend well south across the
    Appalachians, where winds will be much weaker. However, relatively
    cool midlevel temperatures will aid destabilization in these areas.

    At the surface, a cold front will push east from ME into northern
    VA, with a moist air mass ahead of it. Winds at 850 mb will increase
    to 30-40 kt across the Northeast, which will aid the northward
    transport of moisture and destabilization.

    ...Northeast...
    A wave of low pressure is forecast to develop over eastern PA early
    in the day, translating northeastward along the front and into ME by
    late afternoon. Stronger heating and steep low-level lapse rates
    should develop from VA into eastern PA/NJ and into interior southern
    New England, with MLCAPE around 1500 J/kg as an areal average.

    As the warm air mass develops and accelerates north ahead of the
    cold front, both instability and shear parameter space will become
    favorable for severe storms, including supercell potential. A line
    of storms is expected by 17 to 18Z, from eastern PA toward the
    Hudson Valley, expanding N/S and pushing east through the afternoon.
    Given 40-50 kt effective deep-layer shear and enhanced low-level
    shear with the midday surface theta-e surge, the initial storm mode
    may be cellular along the boundary, with a brief tornado or two
    possible along with some hail. Damaging winds are then most likely
    as outflows merge, and spread east across the remainder of the
    region through late afternoon.

    ...Piedmont...
    Strong heating will occur across most of the area, with areas of
    high-level clouds expected across the Appalachians. The
    moist/uncapped air mass and weak surface trough should yield
    scattered afternoon storms. Despite weak shear, favorable timing
    with peak heating/steep boundary layer lapse rates as well as up to
    2000 J/kg MUCAPE may yield locally strong to damaging downbursts. A
    few storms could produce marginal hail given sufficient longevity.

    ..Jewell.. 09/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 6 05:58:22 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 060558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 060556

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1256 AM CDT Sat Sep 06 2025

    Valid 071200Z - 081200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Potential for severe weather appears low on Sunday.

    ...Synopsis...
    On Sunday, an upper-level trough will move through the Lower Great
    Lakes and Northeast. Surface high pressure will build most areas
    east of the Divide. A surface cold front will likely remain in parts
    of the eastern Carolinas and the Southeast. Within the
    southern/central High Plains, low-level moisture return will begin
    on the western flank of the surface high.

    ...Eastern Carolinas...
    Mid-level winds will be moderately strong within the southern
    Mid-Atlantic region. These winds will weaken quickly with southern
    extent across the Carolinas into the Southeast. Ample cloud cover
    will stunt surface heating. Even so, widely scattered to scattered
    convection appears possible along the front in the coastal plains
    region. Where locally greater heating can occur, a stronger storm or
    two could develop and produce localized gusty winds.

    ...Central/Southern High Plains...
    A narrow zone of modest MLCAPE (around 1000 J/kg, generally) will
    develop as moisture returns northward. Storms are more likely to
    develop within the higher terrain with more uncertainty along the
    lee trough. Forcing for ascent will be nebulous and at least weak
    inhibition may lead to limited coverage and duration of any
    activity. Models do depict a subtle perturbation approaching the
    central High Plains towards late afternoon. Later developing
    convection would likely be elevated, sustained by the low-level jet.
    With modest shear and buoyancy, the stronger storms could produce
    small/low-end hail, but overall severe risk continues to appear low.

    ..Wendt.. 09/06/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 6 17:17:24 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 061717
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 061715

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1215 PM CDT Sat Sep 06 2025

    Valid 071200Z - 081200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorm potential is expected to remain low on Sunday.

    ...Central/Southern High Plains...

    An upper level ridge will build over the Rockies/Western U.S. during
    the day on Sunday, with some warming in mid/upper levels noted.
    Near/after 00z, a weak shortwave impulse is forecast to eject east
    from the central Rockies into the central Plains, resulting in
    modest height falls and some forcing for ascent into CO/NE/KS. At
    the surface, weak lee troughing will support southerly return flow,
    and a narrow corridor of 50s to near 60 F dewpoints is forecast from
    southwest NE into eastern CO and western KS, southward over far
    eastern NM, and western TX/OK. Midlevel lapse rates are expected to
    remain modest with RAP/NAM forecast soundings indicating 700-500 mb
    lapse rates around 6.5-7 C/km atop the modest boundary layer
    moisture. This will support generally weak MLCAPE to around 1000
    J/kg. Vertically veering wind profiles (southerly low-levels
    becoming northwesterly with height) will foster modest effective
    shear magnitudes around 25 kt.

    Isolated thunderstorms may develop by late afternoon into early
    evening within the modestly unstable/moist boundary layer near the
    surface trough. A low-level jet is forecast to increase during the
    evening, and may aid in sustaining thunderstorms despite a cooling
    boundary layer. A strong storm or two could produce small hail or
    gusty winds, but overall severe potential appears limited given a
    lack of stronger forcing/thermodynamic environment and concerns over
    limited storm coverage.

    ...Coastal Carolinas into southeast GA...

    Moderate southwesterly deep-layer flow will weaken with time and
    southward extent as the stronger upper shortwave trough over the
    Great Lakes/Northeast lifts northeast through the period. At the
    surface, a very moist airmass will be in place ahead of an
    eastward-advancing cold front. This will support MLCAPE of 1000-2000
    J/kg during the afternoon. Vertical shear also will remain limited,
    with weak flow through at least 700 mb evident in forecast
    soundings. Cloud cover and poor lapse rates will likely limit severe
    potential, but where stronger heating can occur, locally gusty winds
    will be possible.

    ..Leitman.. 09/06/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 7 05:49:28 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 070549
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 070548

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1248 AM CDT Sun Sep 07 2025

    Valid 081200Z - 091200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PORTIONS OF
    THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN PLAINS....

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated hail and damaging gusts are possible over portions of the
    central and southern High Plains Monday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Northwesterly mid/upper flow will persist over the central U.S.,
    flanked by an upper ridge over the Rockies and an upper trough from
    the Great Lakes to central Gulf Coast. An embedded shortwave trough
    will emanate from the central Rockies into the Plains. At the
    surface, a weak lee low should form over the Dakotas with a trailing
    surface trough from the Upper MS Valley into the southern High
    Plains. Southerly flow will transport low 60s F dewpoints
    north/northeast within a narrow corridor over portions of the High
    Plains northeast into the eastern Dakotas and MN.

    ...Central and Southern Plains...
    A moderately strong remnant low-level jet will likely be ongoing at
    the start of the period aiding in modest return flow over the High
    Plains. One or more clusters of storms may also be ongoing near the
    apex of the LLJ across KS and NE. A narrow plume of 60s F surface
    dewpoints will likely extend northward along the lee trough to the
    low into the Dakotas. Heating of the moistening air mass and ascent
    from the impinging shortwave moving out of the Rockies will support
    diurnal destabilization along and east of the trailing lee trough,
    potentially allowing for re-intensification of the early morning
    storms. Additional isolated thunderstorm development is also
    possible by late afternoon along the length of the lee trough.
    However, strong capping and early-day clouds/remnant convection
    could limit storm coverage/development.

    Should storms form/redevelop, moderate buoyancy and increasing
    northwesterly flow aloft will support some storm organization.
    Veering wind profiles with around 25-35 kt effective shear
    magnitudes would support a supercell or organized multicell risk.
    Steepening mid-level lapse rates, and supportive shear could favor
    some hail, while drier low-levels suggest damaging gusts are
    possible.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Ahead of the upper low moving onshore over the Northwest, scattered thunderstorms appear likely Monday afternoon and evening. Moderate southwesterly flow will overspread a warm but modestly moist air
    mass. Given the limited moisture, buoyancy is expected to be fairly
    weak as well. Still, steep lapse rates and the stronger mid-level
    flow could support sporadic strong gusts from high-based storms
    across central OR into southern WA.

    ..Lyons.. 09/07/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 7 16:57:29 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 071657
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 071655

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1155 AM CDT Sun Sep 07 2025

    Valid 081200Z - 091200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF WESTERN KANSAS...NORTHWEST OKLAHOMA AND THE OKLAHOMA/TEXAS
    PANHANDLES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated hail and damaging gusts are possible over portions of
    western Kansas, northwest Oklahoma and the Oklahoma/Texas Panhandles
    on Monday.

    ...KS/OK/TX...

    A northwest flow regime will persist over the Plains as the western
    upper ridge migrates east to the Rockies and a large-scale upper
    trough persists east of the MS River. A weak, convectively enhanced
    shortwave impulse will be located over KS Monday morning, shifting
    east toward the Lower MO Valley by evening. Convection will likely
    be ongoing across portions of central/eastern KS at the beginning of
    the forecast period and persist for much of the day.

    At the surface, a lee trough will extend north to south across the central/southern High Plains. Southerly low-level flow will
    transport low 60s F dewpoints northward across western OK and the
    TX/OK Panhandles into western KS beneath steepening midlevel lapse
    rates. Isolated thunderstorms may develop during peak heating within
    the narrow band of moisture near the surface trough. However, storm
    coverage and intensity remain uncertain given potential influence
    from outflow and cloud cover from the aforementioned convection
    across central/eastern KS. If storms can develop and become
    sustained, vertically veering/supercell wind profiles with
    elongated/straight hodographs will support large hail (and
    potentially some hail stones greater than 2 inches diameter). An
    upgrade to Slight risk (level 2 of 5) may be needed in subsequent
    outlooks if confidence in storm coverage and initiation location
    increases.

    ...NE to Upper Midwest...

    A surface trough will extend northeast across western/central NE
    into the Dakotas on Monday. Weak height falls are forecast in
    association with a minor shortwave trough develop southeast from the
    Canadian Prairies toward the international border. Southerly
    low-level flow will support 60s F dewpoints east of the surface
    trough and a narrow corridor of weak to moderate instability will
    develop during the late afternoon/early evening. Forecast soundings
    suggest capping, along with weak forcing, will limit diurnal
    thunderstorm activity. Warm advection and an increasing low level
    jet during the evening/overnight may support elevated storms across
    parts of northern MN/WI, but this activity is expected to remain
    sub-severe. If any storm can develop within the narrow warm sector,
    it could become strong, but overall severe potential is expected to
    remain low.

    ...Pacific Northwest...

    Scattered thunderstorms will develop as a low pressure system moves
    onshore Monday afternoon/evening. Moderate southwesterly flow will
    overspread a warm and weakly unstable airmass. Nevertheless, steep
    lapse rates and stronger mid-level flow could support sporadic
    strong gusts from high-based storms across central OR into southern
    WA.

    ..Leitman.. 09/07/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 8 05:56:04 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 080555
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 080554

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1254 AM CDT Mon Sep 08 2025

    Valid 091200Z - 101200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS....

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are possible over the central and southern
    High Plains Tuesday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Amplified mid-level flow will be in place over much of the US
    Tuesday, as a broad upper low continues to deepen over the
    Northwest. To the east, shortwave ridging is forecast to intensify
    over the central Rockies and High Plains, while broad and incoherent
    troughing persist over the eastern half of the CONUS. Southwesterly
    mid-level flow will gradually increase over the central High Plains
    as a series of weak embedded perturbations pass through the crest of
    the upper ridge. This will aide in strengthening a lee trough,
    supporting south/southeasterly low-level flow and some severe storm
    potential.

    ...Central and Southern High Plains...
    As the mid-level ridge continues to build over the Rockies and
    adjacent Plains, a lee trough is expected to sharpen from western SD
    into the TX Panhandle. Continued low-level southerly flow will
    advect seasonably rich moisture along and east of this feature,
    supporting diurnal destabilization with 2000-2500 J/kg of MLCAPE
    available. However, forcing for ascent from several weak
    perturbations passing through the top of the ridge is likely to
    remain nebulous and displaced westward of the primary surface trough
    axis. Residual capping, and the lack of broader synoptic support is
    expected to limit diurnal thunderstorm development over the Plains.
    Eventually isolated development is expected along the lee trough by
    early evening, aided by an increase in the southerly low-level jet.
    If these storms can become sustained, marginal supercell wind
    profiles would support a risk for large hail and strong gusts from
    western KS and southeastern CO into the OK/TX Panhandle vicinity.
    Still, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the coverage of any
    stronger storms able to develop. Have introduced a 5% risk for hail
    and wind potential.

    To the west of the surface trough, strong heating and weak ascent
    should allow isolated to widely scattered, likely high-based,
    thunderstorms to develop over the higher terrain of CO/WY and
    adjacent High Plains Tuesday afternoon. Steep low-level lapse rates
    could support an occasional severe gust with this activity, but
    limited buoyancy and modest flow aloft suggest little organized
    severe threat.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    A weak surface boundary/cold front will extend from eastern SD into northwestern IA and south-central MN Tuesday. Low-level warm
    advection atop this boundary in a modestly sheared and weakly
    unstable environment will support periods of showers and
    thunderstorms as the front slowly sags southward. Overall severe
    potential is expected to remain low as convection should remain to
    the cool side of the boundary and likely be elevated. But, a
    stronger storm or two could develop and produce small hail or
    locally gusty winds over portions of eastern SD and western MN.

    ..Lyons.. 09/08/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 8 17:28:36 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 081728
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 081726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Mon Sep 08 2025

    Valid 091200Z - 101200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are possible over the central and southern
    High Plains Tuesday.

    ...Synopsis...
    A broad upper-level low will remain across the Pacific Northwest on
    D2/Tuesday, with ridging across the Rockies in the central US.
    Embedded mid-level disturbances cresting the ridge will bring west
    to northwesterly flow across the Rockies into the Plains, promoting strengthening of the lee trough and development of weak low pressure
    across eastern Colorado. Weak forcing from the low/lee trough will
    support thunderstorm development across the Central and Southern
    High Plains, with a few strong to severe storms possible across
    western Kansas southward to the Texas Panhandle.

    ...Central and Southern High Plains...
    Overall forcing for ascent will remain weak across the
    central/southern high Plains beneath the upper ridge Tuesday.
    Mid-level flow will be increasing through the day, with a
    strengthening southerly low-level jet progged to develop by late afternoon/evening. Given the ridging aloft and weak forcing there is
    some uncertainty to how much convection can develop and be
    sustained.

    Nonetheless, CAMs do suggest some isolated to scattered convection
    are possible across the high terrain in Colorado/Wyoming and into
    the Oklahoma/Texas Panhandles by late afternoon. Daytime heating of
    a seasonably moist air mass should yield MLCAPE around 1000-2500
    J/kg. Deep layer shear around 30-35 kts will increase through the
    evening with the low-level jet, with elongated straight hodographs
    extending across much of western Kansas into the OK/TX Panhandles.
    Sufficient deep layer shear and steep low to mid-level lapse rates overspreading this region could support potential for supercells,
    with a conditional risk for large to very large hail and damaging
    wind should a storm be able to sustain. Given some uncertainty on
    coverage and sustained supercells, a Marginal Risk was maintained
    and extended eastward across more of western Oklahoma.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    A boundary extending from central Iowa into the Dakotas will support
    isolated to scattered thunderstorm development Tuesday afternoon.
    The air mass south of this feature will be modestly
    sheared/unstable. Thunderstorm development appears to be mainly
    along and on the cool side of this boundary capable of small hail
    and gusty winds. Within this region, a stronger storm or two may
    develop but the overall severe threat appears low.

    ..Thornton.. 09/08/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 9 05:54:11 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 090554
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 090552

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1252 AM CDT Tue Sep 09 2025

    Valid 101200Z - 111200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered showers and thunderstorms are possible over parts of the
    Northwest, northern Rockies with more isolated storms over the High
    Plains Wednesday. A stronger storm or two is possible, but severe
    potential is overall low.

    ...High Plains...
    East of a deepening upper low and 40-50 kt mid-level jet over the
    Great Basin and Northwest, shortwave ridging will persist across the
    Rockies and adjacent High Plains. A broad lee trough is expected to
    sharpen through the afternoon as weak ascent from the upper trough
    and mid-level jet glance the western edge of the upper ridge. The
    strongest ascent will be focused north and west over MT where a weak
    surface cyclone is expected to form by Wednesday afternoon. This
    will help draw richer low-level moisture westward later in the afternoon/evening. The late arrival of the more robust moisture
    suggests buoyancy will be limited, while capping remains stout over
    the northern and central High Plains. Still, robust heating and
    sufficient low-level moistening will allow for isolated high-based thunderstorms along the length of the surface trough across eastern
    MT/WY and western SD. A stray gust or two is possible, but limited
    buoyancy and forcing suggest the severe risk is low.

    Farther south, a weak secondary low is expected to form over the
    Raton Mesa. Enhanced easterly low-level upslope flow could support
    isolated storms late afternoon or into early evening. However, weak
    subsidence and warm mid-level temperatures beneath the upper ridge
    suggest remnant capping is likely to remain in place, limiting storm coverage/intensity. While moderate buoyancy is expected (1500-2500
    J/kg) and an isolated stronger gust is possible, overall severe
    potential appears rather limited.

    ...Northwest and northern Rockies...
    Beneath the upper low, broad ascent and the southerly mid-level jet
    will overspread modest low-level moisture ahead of a weak cold front
    over the Intermountain West. Filtered daytime heating between
    remnant cloud cover will aide in scattered storm development across
    the higher terrain from eastern WA/OR into northern ID and western
    MT Wednesday afternoon. The increase in southerly flow aloft will
    elongate mid and upper-level hodographs to some degree, with 20-30
    kt of bulk shear expected. This could support a few stronger storms,
    especially over portions of central ID and into western MT where
    ascent will be maximized. Given the steep low and mid-level lapse
    rates, a few strong gusts are possible. However, the threat for more organized/persistent severe storms appears limited by weaker
    buoyancy (MLCAPE ~500 J/kg) and moisture.

    ..Lyons.. 09/09/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Sep 9 17:31:43 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 091731
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 091730

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1230 PM CDT Tue Sep 09 2025

    Valid 101200Z - 111200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered showers and thunderstorms are possible over parts of the
    Northwest and northern Rockies with more isolated storms over the
    High Plains Wednesday. A stronger storm or two is possible, but
    severe potential is overall low.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper-level ridge will strengthen across the central CONUS on
    Wednesday with a trough across the West Coast and a deepening trough
    in the Great Lakes. Surface high pressure will dominate much of the
    eastern CONUS with low pressure across the Great Basin and weak lee
    troughing across the High Plains.

    ...Discussion...
    A dry, continental airmass will keep convection suppressed across
    much of the eastern CONUS. Widespread convection is anticipated
    across the Northwest, northern Great Basin, and the Southwest into
    the Central Rockies in the diffluent region ahead of the mid-level
    trough. These storms will be somewhat dry in nature with PWAT values
    around 0.5 to 0.75 inches and steep low-level lapse rates.
    Therefore, a few stronger downbursts are possible with isolated
    severe wind gusts. However, relatively weak instability should limit
    the overall severe potential across the west.

    Greater instability will exist across the Plains, but building
    heights aloft will likely keep storm coverage somewhat isolated. A
    remnant MCS from Day 1 convection across western Kansas may persist
    into the morning hours, but should be weakening through the morning
    as it moves east of the low-level jet axis. Some guidance, such as
    the NAM, shows significant augmentation of the mid-level height
    field which could suppress heights enough for isolated thunderstorm
    activity near the remnant outflow/MCV from morning convection on
    Wednesday afternoon. However, this scenario is uncertain, and even
    if it does occur, shear will likely be relatively weak and
    therefore, any severe threat should be isolated.

    ..Bentley.. 09/09/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 10 05:52:50 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 100552
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 100551

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1251 AM CDT Wed Sep 10 2025

    Valid 111200Z - 121200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF
    THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS AND INTERMOUNTAIN WEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms with hail and severe wind
    potential are possible across Montana and the Dakotas. Additional
    isolated strong storms may develop over the central High Plains and Intermountain West.

    ...Northern and central Plains...
    South/southwesterly flow aloft is forecast to increase over the
    Northern Rockies/Plains ahead of a shortwave trough along the
    eastern periphery of a broader upper low. Weak height falls will
    overspread the western fringes of a moistening low-level air mass as
    a warm front moves northward with a surface cyclone over central MT.
    Low-level upslope is expected much of the day along and north of the
    front, which should result in moderate destabilization (MLCAPE
    ~1500-2500 J/kg). However, some inhibition is also expected given
    the glancing influence of the upper ascent and warm mid-level
    temperatures. Isolated to widely scattered thunderstorms are
    expected late in the afternoon along and north of the warm front
    from eastern MT into western ND. Steep mid-level lapse rates and
    veering wind profiles could support some supercell structures. It
    remain unclear if much of this activity will be surface based given
    the best ascent will be north of the front. Still, the degree of
    buoyancy and increasing deep-layer shear should support some risk
    for hail and severe gusts.

    Farther south, isolated storms are possible near a surface trough
    from eastern WY into western NE/SD. Forcing for ascent should be
    weaker with some residual capping likely limiting development within
    the warm sector. High-based storms may form within the drier air
    west over the terrain before gradually drifting eastward toward the
    richer surface moisture. With limited buoyancy and vertical shear,
    organized severe storms are unlikely, but isolated severe gusts are
    possible given the steep low-level lapse rates.

    ...Four Corners and Western Slope...
    A belt of stronger mid-level flow southeast of the upper low over
    the Great Basin will overspread a modified monsoon air mass in place
    over northern AZ/NM into western CO and eastern UT. Afternoon
    heating should result in a few hundred J/kg of MLCAPE above
    low-level inverted-V thermodynamic profiles. Isolated to widely
    scattered storms should develop and move off the higher terrain by
    mid morning. Some organization of these storms into clusters or
    transient supercells is expected owing to elongated mid-level
    hodographs beneath the stronger flow aloft. Given the steep
    low/mid-level lapse rates, isolated severe gusts and some small hail
    are possible with the stronger storms.

    ..Lyons.. 09/10/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Sep 10 17:36:06 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 101736
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 101734

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1234 PM CDT Wed Sep 10 2025

    Valid 111200Z - 121200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE CENTRAL
    ROCKIES TO THE NORTHERN PLAINS....

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms with hail and severe wind
    potential are possible across portions of the Rockies,
    central/northern High Plains into the Dakotas and northern Minnesota
    on Thursday.

    ...Synopsis...
    On Thursday, a large trough will be present across the western CONUS
    with a strong ridge across the Plains and troughing across the east.
    This pattern will shift slowly east through the day. Surface high
    pressure will dominate much of the eastern CONUS with lee troughing
    in the central and northern High Plains.

    ...Eastern Montana/northern Wyoming into the Dakotas and northern
    Minnesota...
    A cluster of storms may be ongoing across northern North Dakota at
    the start of the period. A moderate low-level jet is forecast to
    maintain intensity (and perhaps strengthen somewhat) during the day.
    This may result in maintenance of this cluster and restrengthening
    during the afternoon across southern Canada and perhaps into
    northern North Dakota and northern Minnesota. Moderate instability
    and moderate shear, combined with steep lapse rates, will support
    the potential for large hail and damaging wind gusts as these storms
    move east.

    Cooling temperatures aloft and steep lapse rates will lead to
    scattered to widespread thunderstorm development across much of the
    higher terrain across Wyoming and Montana. Modest deep-layer shear
    and a relatively dry profile will support the potential for some
    organized storms including supercells. These storms may produce
    isolated large hail and severe wind gusts.

    A more conditional severe environment will be present across eastern Wyoming/Montana and into the western Dakotas. Stronger instability
    (2000 to 3000 J/kg MLCAPE) is forecast across the region, but only
    weak height falls will be present with at least some residual
    capping from most forecast soundings. Some weak
    convergence/confluence will be present along the lee trough/dryline
    which could initiate a few storms. If storm form within this region,
    moderate deep-layer shear could support supercells capable of large
    hail and severe wind gusts. If this scenario appears more likely, a
    Slight Risk may be needed in later outlooks, particularly across
    eastern Montana and western North Dakota.

    ...Central Rockies...
    Moderate to strong shear will be present across the Rockies as a 45
    to 60 knot mid-level jet streak overspreads the region. Weak height
    falls, terrain driven circulations, and weak diffluence aloft will
    combine for widespread thunderstorm development Thursday
    afternoon/evening. RAP forecast soundings show 500 to 750 J/kg
    MLCAPE and 1000-1300 J/kg MUCAPE at KGJT which is well above the
    90th percentile and near the all time maximum for mid-September in
    GJT based on SPC sounding climatology. This abnormally unstable
    airmass combined with moderate shear will result in an environment
    capable of a few weak supercells producing isolated large hail and
    severe wind gusts across eastern Utah, the Four Corners region, much
    of Colorado, and southern Wyoming.

    ..Bentley.. 09/10/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 11 05:57:44 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 110557
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 110555

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1255 AM CDT Thu Sep 11 2025

    Valid 121200Z - 131200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS AND THE FOUR CORNERS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms capable of isolated severe wind gusts are
    possible across the Four Corners region on Friday. Additional storms
    are possible over the northern Plains and Upper Midwest Friday.

    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    A shortwave trough and enhanced southwesterly flow will move out of
    the northern Rockies and into the northern Plains Friday as upper
    ridging begins to move eastward. Associated with the approaching
    trough, a weak lee cyclone along a stalled front over the Dakotas
    will draw rich low-level moisture westward toward a second weak cold
    front moving out of the Rockies. Modest ascent is expected much of
    the day along and north of the surface low/front across northern WY,
    western ND and central/eastern MT. While cloud cover and early
    morning convection may temper heating somewhat, elevated buoyancy is
    expected to support scattered to numerous storms through the
    afternoon. With 35-45 kt of southwesterly flow aloft extending mid
    and upper-level hodographs, a few elevated clusters or supercells
    are possible. Steep mid-level lapse rates and favorable deep-layer
    shear could support isolated hail and strong gusts with the
    strongest storms, though confidence in the overall severe risk
    remains fairly low given the potential for clouds and early morning
    storms.

    Convective coverage may increase through the evening and overnight
    hours as a 35-45 kt southerly low-level jet develops over the
    Plains. CAM guidance remains quite dispersive, but some solutions
    show the potential for isolated severe gusts with elevated storm
    clusters moving eastward across the Dakotas overnight.

    A second cluster of elevated storms may be ongoing at the beginning
    of the period across the eastern Dakotas/western MN associated with
    a weak shortwave trough and low-level warm advection along the
    stalled front. If this occurs, a low-end wind/hail threat could
    exist during the morning as the shortwave continues
    east/southeastward toward the Great Lakes. Buoyancy and ascent
    should decrease quickly with eastward extent suggesting only a
    limited severe risk.

    ...Four Corners...
    A shortwave trough and an associated belt of stronger southwesterly
    flow aloft will be present over portions of the eastern Great Basin
    and central Rockies Friday. An associated cold front will also shift
    eastward, impinging upon a modified monsoon air mass across northern
    AZ/NM into eastern UT and western/central CO. A band of showers and
    possibly a few thunderstorms are likely be ongoing early in the
    period ahead of the front. While moisture content (PWATS 0.5-0.8
    inches) will not be overly robust, it should be sufficient to
    support weak diurnal destabilization amid cloud cover and remnant showers/storms. Convection should gradually increase in coverage
    along the front and across the higher terrain by late morning and
    early afternoon. The stronger mid-level flow could allow for a few
    storms to organize into mutlicell clusters or weak supercells. With
    steep low and mid-level lapse rates present, strong gusts appear
    possible with any sustained storms, along with small hail.

    ..Lyons.. 09/11/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 11 17:06:12 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 111706
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 111705

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    Issued by 15th OWS Scott Air Force Base IL
    1205 PM CDT Thu Sep 11 2025

    Valid 121200Z - 131200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS AND THE FOUR CORNERS....

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms capable of isolated severe wind gusts are
    possible across the Four Corners region on Friday. Additional storms
    are possible over the northern Plains and Upper Midwest Friday.

    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    A shortwave trough and enhanced southwesterly flow will move out of
    the northern Rockies and into the northern Plains Friday as upper
    ridging begins to move eastward. Associated with the approaching
    trough, a weak lee cyclone along a stalled front over the Dakotas
    will draw rich low-level moisture westward toward a second weak cold
    front moving out of the Rockies. Modest ascent is expected much of
    the day along and north of the surface low/front across northern WY,
    western ND and central/eastern MT. While cloud cover and early
    morning convection may temper heating somewhat, elevated buoyancy is
    expected to support scattered to numerous storms through the
    afternoon. With 35-45 kt of southwesterly flow aloft extending mid
    and upper-level hodographs, a few elevated clusters or supercells
    are possible. Steep mid-level lapse rates and favorable deep-layer
    shear could support isolated hail and strong gusts with the
    strongest storms, though confidence in the overall severe risk
    remains fairly low given the potential for clouds and early morning
    storms.

    Convective coverage may increase through the evening and overnight
    hours as a 35-45 kt southerly low-level jet develops over the
    Plains. CAM guidance remains quite dispersive, but some solutions
    show the potential for isolated severe gusts with elevated storm
    clusters moving eastward across the Dakotas overnight.

    A second cluster of elevated storms may be ongoing at the beginning
    of the period across the eastern Dakotas/western MN associated with
    a weak shortwave trough and low-level warm advection along the
    stalled front. If this occurs, a low-end wind/hail threat could
    exist during the morning as the shortwave continues
    east/southeastward toward the Great Lakes. Buoyancy and ascent
    should decrease quickly with eastward extent suggesting only a
    limited severe risk.

    ...Four Corners...
    A shortwave trough and an associated belt of stronger southwesterly
    flow aloft will be present over portions of the eastern Great Basin
    and central Rockies Friday. An associated cold front will also shift
    eastward, impinging upon a modified monsoon air mass across northern
    AZ/NM into eastern UT and western/central CO. A band of showers and
    possibly a few thunderstorms are likely be ongoing early in the
    period ahead of the front. While moisture content (PWATS 0.5-0.8
    inches) will not be overly robust, it should be sufficient to
    support weak diurnal destabilization amid cloud cover and remnant showers/storms. Convection should gradually increase in coverage
    along the front and across the higher terrain by late morning and
    early afternoon. The stronger mid-level flow could allow for a few
    storms to organize into mutlicell clusters or weak supercells. With
    steep low and mid-level lapse rates present, strong gusts appear
    possible with any sustained storms, along with small hail.

    ..15_ows.. 09/11/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Sep 11 17:30:47 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 111730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 111705

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    Issued by 15th OWS Scott Air Force Base IL
    1205 PM CDT Thu Sep 11 2025

    Valid 121200Z - 131200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS AND THE FOUR CORNERS....

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms capable of isolated severe wind gusts are
    possible across the Four Corners region on Friday. Additional storms
    are possible over the northern Plains and Upper Midwest Friday.

    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    A shortwave trough and enhanced southwesterly flow will move out of
    the northern Rockies and into the northern Plains Friday as upper
    ridging begins to move eastward. Associated with the approaching
    trough, a weak lee cyclone along a stalled front over the Dakotas
    will draw rich low-level moisture westward toward a second weak cold
    front moving out of the Rockies. Modest ascent is expected much of
    the day along and north of the surface low/front across northern WY,
    western ND and central/eastern MT. While cloud cover and early
    morning convection may temper heating somewhat, elevated buoyancy is
    expected to support scattered to numerous storms through the
    afternoon. With 35-45 kt of southwesterly flow aloft extending mid
    and upper-level hodographs, a few elevated clusters or supercells
    are possible. Steep mid-level lapse rates and favorable deep-layer
    shear could support isolated hail and strong gusts with the
    strongest storms, though confidence in the overall severe risk
    remains fairly low given the potential for clouds and early morning
    storms.

    Convective coverage may increase through the evening and overnight
    hours as a 35-45 kt southerly low-level jet develops over the
    Plains. CAM guidance remains quite dispersive, but some solutions
    show the potential for isolated severe gusts with elevated storm
    clusters moving eastward across the Dakotas overnight.

    A second cluster of elevated storms may be ongoing at the beginning
    of the period across the eastern Dakotas/western MN associated with
    a weak shortwave trough and low-level warm advection along the
    stalled front. If this occurs, a low-end wind/hail threat could
    exist during the morning as the shortwave continues
    east/southeastward toward the Great Lakes. Buoyancy and ascent
    should decrease quickly with eastward extent suggesting only a
    limited severe risk.

    ...Four Corners...
    A shortwave trough and an associated belt of stronger southwesterly
    flow aloft will be present over portions of the eastern Great Basin
    and central Rockies Friday. An associated cold front will also shift
    eastward, impinging upon a modified monsoon air mass across northern
    AZ/NM into eastern UT and western/central CO. A band of showers and
    possibly a few thunderstorms are likely be ongoing early in the
    period ahead of the front. While moisture content (PWATS 0.5-0.8
    inches) will not be overly robust, it should be sufficient to
    support weak diurnal destabilization amid cloud cover and remnant showers/storms. Convection should gradually increase in coverage
    along the front and across the higher terrain by late morning and
    early afternoon. The stronger mid-level flow could allow for a few
    storms to organize into mutlicell clusters or weak supercells. With
    steep low and mid-level lapse rates present, strong gusts appear
    possible with any sustained storms, along with small hail.

    ..15_ows.. 09/11/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 12 06:01:53 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 120601
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 120600

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Fri Sep 12 2025

    Valid 131200Z - 141200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF THE
    SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS AND THE NORTHERN PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms are possible over parts of the southern and
    central High Plains and northern Plains Saturday.

    ...Synopsis...
    The western upper trough will continue its slow progress eastward on
    Saturday. The trough is expected to eject into central Plains by
    early Sunday morning. A few embedded shortwave troughs will pivot
    into the northern Plains and stronger mid-level winds will extend
    into the southern Rockies. At the surface, a low in the northern
    Plains will become more diffuse during the period.

    ...Southern/Central High Plains...
    On the southern edge of the broad western trough, stronger mid-level
    flow will be perpendicular to the southern Rockies into part of the
    Front Range. Low-level moisture will advect into the regions given
    surface southeasterly winds. Moisture will be greatest in New Mexico
    with mid/upper 50s F dewpoints. Farther north, flow will become much
    more meridional and moisture will be more limited. Within the
    southern Rockies, cloud cover associated with the trough will
    generally keep low-level lapse rates weak. However, modestly steep
    mid-level lapse rates with the cooler air aloft and 35-40 kts of
    effective shear will promote some risk for a few supercell
    structures by the afternoon. Isolated large hail will be the main
    risk. While a similar hail threat will be present for much of the
    Front Range, this area is also more likely to receive greater
    surface heating. Steeper low-level lapse rates will support a threat
    for isolated severe gusts with the strongest storms.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Scattered thunderstorms will likely be ongoing at the start of the
    period. By this time, steeper mid-level lapse rates will likely have
    diminished for much of the western Dakotas into eastern Montana and
    Wyoming. This activity will be driven by a northward moving
    shortwave trough and low-level warm advection. Despite cloud cover
    complicating the low-level thermodynamic environment and the surface
    low gradually weakening with time, there may still be zone of
    greater potential in the eastern Dakotas where steeper mid-level
    lapse rates will be. Greater shear/forcing will overlap greater
    buoyancy during the afternoon in this area as well. The strongest
    storms, if they develop, will likely be near and east of the
    Missouri River. Small to isolated marginally severe hail appears to
    be the primary hazard.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    A weak shortwave trough is expected to move through southern
    Wisconsin into the southern Lake Michigan vicinity. This will
    promote a zone of warm advection that will allow potentially
    scattered storms to develop. While shear will be modestly enhanced
    with the shortwave, greater buoyancy and lapse rates will be
    displaced to the west. A stronger storm or two could occur, but
    limited confidence in greater severe storm coverage precludes
    probabilities.

    ..Wendt.. 09/12/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Sep 12 17:20:25 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 121720
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 121718

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1218 PM CDT Fri Sep 12 2025

    Valid 131200Z - 141200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE
    SOUTHERN/CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS...PORTIONS OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS...AND
    PARTS OF THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES/MIDWEST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms are possible over parts of the southern and
    central High Plains, northern Plains, and Midwest/Great Lakes on
    Saturday.

    ...Synopsis...
    Persistent lee troughing will continue across the central/northern
    Plains on Saturday as southwesterly flow aloft continues across the
    central Rockies. A weak cold front will move out of the Rockies and
    into the central/southern High Plains Saturday afternoon. Across the
    northern Plains/Upper Midwest, a warm front extending east from the
    surface low will strengthen.

    ...Southern/central High Plains...
    Forecast soundings across the southern/central High Plains indicate
    widespread mid to upper-level clouds across the region Saturday
    morning as convective debris from Day 1 convection across the
    Southwest drifts slowly east. This will likely persist for much of
    the day and limit overall heating. Despite this cloud-cover, weak to
    moderate instability is forecast as temperatures warm into the low
    70s with dewpoints in the upper 50s to low 60s and 500mb
    temperatures around -10 C. Mid-level flow will strengthen through
    the morning with effective shear around 30 to 35 knots during the
    afternoon across eastern New Mexico, eastern Colorado and the
    western OK/TX Panhandles. Limited buoyancy should keep the severe
    weather threat mostly isolated. However, any pockets of
    clearing/greater instability could support a more organized severe
    threat in localized areas.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Several rounds of thunderstorms will be possible across the Dakotas
    on Saturday. 12Z CAM guidance has a consistent signal for elevated thunderstorms Saturday morning across northern South Dakota where
    isentropic ascent is maximized in a region with moderate instability
    and moderately steep mid-level lapse rates and 40 to 45 knots of
    effective shear. Some large hail will be possible during this
    morning round of storms.

    In the wake of this activity, moderate to strong instability is
    forecast to develop across central/western South Dakota with minimal
    inhibition by mid-late afternoon. Overall forcing will be subtle,
    but weak height falls and a nearly uncapped environment may be
    sufficient for isolated strong to severe storms Saturday
    afternoon/evening with a conditional threat for large hail and
    severe wind gusts given around 30 to 35 knots of effective shear.

    Regardless of afternoon activity, an additional round of storms is
    likely Saturday night as the primary mid-level shortwave trough
    ejects from the Southwest into the central Plains. Strong height
    falls and increasing ascent with moderate to strong elevated
    instability could result in a few elevated supercells capable of
    large hail and severe wind gusts late Saturday night and early
    Sunday morning.

    ...Midwest/western Great Lakes...
    Elevated thunderstorms will likely be ongoing Saturday morning
    across southeast Wisconsin/northern Illinois on the nose of a
    low-level jet. Isolated large hail/damaging wind gusts will be
    possible with this morning activity. Some guidance suggests this
    cluster maintains through the morning and becomes surface based as
    it moves south across Indiana during the afternoon/evening. While
    this is a possibility, the more likely scenario is weakening of
    morning storms as the low-level jet weakens/veers. Additional
    thunderstorms would then be possible during the afternoon along
    remnant outflow/boundaries during the afternoon/evening. Regardless
    of the exact evolution, moderate instability and moderate to strong
    shear would support the potential for organized storms and at least
    a localized threat for large hail/damaging wind gusts.

    ..Bentley.. 09/12/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 13 05:52:59 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 130552
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 130551

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1251 AM CDT Sat Sep 13 2025

    Valid 141200Z - 151200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS...EXTENDING INTO THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are possible across parts of the northern
    Plains into the southern High Plains tomorrow (Sunday).

    ...Synopsis...
    A negatively tilted upper trough will pivot northward across the central/northern Plains, around broader cyclonic flow aloft, as a
    second upper trough traverses the Pacific Northwest tomorrow
    (Sunday). A surface low will develop and intensify while drifting
    northward across the Dakotas through the forecast period.
    Strengthening of the low will encourage the development of a
    southerly low-level jet, which will result in both northward
    moisture advection, and increased vertical wind shear, to support at
    least isolated severe storms across the Plains.

    ...Great Plains States...
    Widespread clouds and precipitation may be underway at the start of
    the period (12Z Sunday) given the warm-air advection regime in place
    ahead of the surface low. Through the day, some breaks in the cloud
    cover will support adequate insolation to generate surface-based
    buoyancy ahead of a confluence boundary. Surface temperatures may
    rise into the 70s F, amid 60+ f dewpoints, yielding 1000-2000 J/kg
    MLCAPE in spots. However, mid-level lapse rates are expected to be
    modest at best (e.g. 6-7 C/km), with the aforementioned MLCAPE
    constrained to tall, thin profiles. However, 20-40 kt southerly flow
    at 850 mb (driven by the low-level jet), overspread by 40-50 kts of south-southwesterly 500 mb flow, will yield elongated, mainly
    straight hodographs across the central/northern Plains. Effective
    bulk shear of 35-45 kts is possible from NE northward, with weaker
    values, but relatively more curved hodographs possible farther south
    into the southern High Plains.

    By afternoon peak heating, the rejuvenation of warm-sector
    convection ahead of the confluence band is likely, with scattered
    multicells and perhaps supercells possible from the Dakotas to the
    TX Panhandle. Storms will first develop across the northern Plains
    by early afternoon, with gradual southward development likely by
    early evening. Given modest lapse rates/thin CAPE profiles amid
    straight hodographs, the severe threat appears relatively isolated,
    with occasional severe gusts/hail the main threats. A tornado is
    possible over the northern Plains if a supercell can become
    sustained within the low-level jet axis and traverse a corridor of
    locally stronger surface-based buoyancy. The severe threat should
    gradually wane after dark, when surface-based buoyancy diminishes
    with nocturnal cooling and increased MLCINH.

    ..Squitieri.. 09/13/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Sep 13 17:30:29 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 131730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 131729

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1229 PM CDT Sat Sep 13 2025

    Valid 141200Z - 151200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE NORTHERN PLAINS EXTENDING INTO THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are possible across parts of the northern
    Plains into the southern High Plains tomorrow (Sunday).

    ...Synopsis...
    A broad negative tilt trough will eject into the central Plains on
    Sunday, resulting in a deepening a surface low across the Dakotas.
    As the surface low deepens, the southerly low-level jet will
    increase with warm and moist advection from the southern Plains into
    the northern Plains.

    ...Great Plains States...
    The broad area of warm and moist advection will result in widespread shower/thunderstorm activity ongoing at the start of the period
    Sunday morning. In the wake of this morning convection, extensive
    cloud cover is expected to cover much of the region from the central
    Plains into the northern Plains. Some breaks in the cloud cover may
    allow for pockets of heating and recovery, but it remains uncertain
    how much air mass recovery will be achieved. Forecast soundings
    indicate tall skinny CAPE profiles and modest lapse rates (6-7 C/km)
    which may produce narrow updrafts that struggle to maintain
    intensity.

    Nonetheless, sufficient deep layer shear around 30-40 knots will
    support potential for a few organized storms to develop where
    recovery occurs, with development of multi-cell clusters and perhaps
    a few supercells. A narrow Marginal Risk was maintained across the
    Plains where redevelopment is most likely to start in the northern
    Plains and spread southward through the afternoon/evening. Closer to
    surface low across the Dakotas and on the nose of the low-level jet
    axis, a conditional risk for a tornado is possible if a supercell
    can be maintained. Overall, the main risks will be for sporadic
    strong to severe wind and hail.

    ..Thornton.. 09/13/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 14 05:08:05 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 140508
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 140506

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1206 AM CDT Sun Sep 14 2025

    Valid 151200Z - 161200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe thunderstorm potential appears generally low on
    Monday.

    ...Discussion...

    A pair of upper shortwave troughs will be located over the northern
    Rockies and the Upper Midwest on Monday. The upper trough oriented
    over the eastern Dakotas/MN will lift north into Canada through
    early evening, while the northern Rockies upper trough meanders
    slowly eastward, developing an upper cyclone over MT/WY. Another
    upper cyclone is expected to persist over the Carolinas, while upper
    riding builds across the Pacific coast states and Midwest.

    At the surface, seasonal boundary layer moisture will be in place
    across the southern and central Plains into the MS Valley, resulting
    in pockets of weak to moderate instability. Any stronger instability
    is likely to remain displaced from stronger vertical shear, which
    will be quickly shifting northward from the Upper Midwest into
    Canada with the departing upper shortwave trough. Isolated to
    scattered thunderstorms will still be possible within a corridor of
    60s F dewpoints and moderate instability from the Ozarks vicinity
    into MN within a low-level warm advection regime. However, severe
    potential will largely remain low given limited shear and forcing
    for ascent. The exception could be a strong storm or two in
    MN/western WI where effective shear magnitudes around 20-25 kt and
    MLCAPE up to 2000 J/kg will be in place. However, given the upper
    trough will be departing the region, subsidence may limit storm coverage/longevity across the area.

    Additional scattered storms are possible across parts of the
    northern/central High Plains ahead of a weak surface front/trough.
    Steep midlevel lapse rates will be in place, and strong heating will
    aid in steepened low-level lapse rates amid a deeply mixed boundary
    layer. Severe potential should remain limited given weak
    shear/instability, but inverted-v sub-cloud thermodynamic profiles
    could foster locally gusty winds with any showers/thunderstorms.

    ..Leitman.. 09/14/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Sep 14 17:27:07 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 141727
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 141725

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1225 PM CDT Sun Sep 14 2025

    Valid 151200Z - 161200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe thunderstorm potential appears generally low on
    Monday.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper-level trough will pivot northeastward through Minnesota
    early in the period. To the West, another shortwave trough will move
    into the Northern Rockies. A weak surface trough will exist in the central/northern Plains.

    ...Upper Mississippi Valley southward into the Ozarks...
    Current guidance continues to suggest that the shortwave trough
    moving northeastward through Minnesota will not be well phased with
    the greatest surface heating. However, the ECMWF remains slower than
    other guidance in this regard. Greater buoyancy will more likely
    develop from central Minnesota/western Wisconsin southward into the
    Ozarks. However, these areas will be increasingly removed from the
    departing mid-level ascent and stronger wind shear. Occasionally
    strong storms are possible during the afternoon within the pockets
    of greater buoyancy, but the a large scale pattern suggests these
    storms will be quite isolated and brief.

    ...Central into Northern High Plains...
    Widely scattered to scattered convection is possible from central
    Wyoming into portion of the High Plains to the east. Cloud cover
    associated with the upper trough to the west and limited low-level
    moisture will limit the intensity of this activity. Even so, steep
    mid-level lapse rates and pockets of steeper low-level lapse rates
    could support stronger wind gusts.

    ...North Carolina Tidewater...
    An offshore surface low will move inland late Monday into Tuesday
    morning. While low-level shear will be enhanced,
    precipitation/clouds trough the day/evening should keep buoyancy
    inland limited. Confidence in a low-end severe threat remains very
    low.

    ..Wendt.. 09/14/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Sep 15 05:38:13 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 150538
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 150536

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1236 AM CDT Mon Sep 15 2025

    Valid 161200Z - 171200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE CENTRAL PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms are possible on Tuesday
    across portions of the central Plains.

    ...Central/Southern Plains...

    A positively tilted upper shortwave trough will slowly develop east
    from the northern Great Basin/northern Rockies to the
    northern/central High Plains on Tuesday. Deep-layer flow is expected
    to remain fairly weak, limiting stronger vertical shear. At the
    surface, a weak cold front will extend from northern MN into
    western/central NE by 00z. A secondary weak surface trough will
    extend southward across eastern CO into the southern High Plains.
    Ahead of these surface features, upper 50s to mid 60s F dewpoints
    will be in place beneath a plume of steep midlevel lapse rates. This
    will allow for moderate destabilization across a mostly uncapped
    warm sector.

    Large-scale ascent associated with the approaching upper trough will
    likely be ill-timed with peak heating, and may not arrive across the
    region until after 00z. Nevertheless, low-level frontal convergence
    may support isolated to scattered thunderstorm development near the
    surface cold front by late afternoon. Given boundary-parallel
    deep-layer flow, this activity may quickly become elevated/undercut
    by the surface front. Nevertheless, sufficient instability, steep
    low-level lapse rates and at least modest effective shear (less than
    25 kt) should support an isolated/marginal severe wind/hail risk
    from portions of northeast CO/northwest KS into western/central NE
    and south-central SD through the evening.

    Additional storms may develop near the weak surface trough from
    southeastern CO/eastern NM and spread east into adjacent portions of
    southwest KS and the OK/TX Panhandles. Instability and shear are
    expected to be very modest across these areas. However, a deeply
    mixed boundary layer/steep low-level lapse rates could support
    locally gusty winds with this activity.

    ...NC/VA Tidewater...

    A coastal low will be located near the Outer Banks Tuesday morning.
    Low-level flow will be enhanced near/north of the low center, with
    some weak instability near the coast. Locally strong gusts may
    accompany showers and thunderstorms for a few hours during the
    morning. As the low drifts north through the day, more substantial
    instability is expected to remain offshore.

    ..Leitman.. 09/15/2025

    $$

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